Reagan and the Arms Race

Ronald Reagan, the 40th president (1981-1989) of the United States of America, is `one of the highly recognized presidents especially for his policies. Reagan was a staunch advocate for control of money supply which would result to reduction in inflation and an increase in economic growth through tax reduction.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Reagan and the Arms Race specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More During his two terms in the presidency, he was mainly focused on restructuring the foreign matters, which this paper is going to dwell on and the U.S economy. Against this background, I would like to make a research about his political and economic initiatives dubbed ‘Reganomics’ (Busch 45; Hudson and Gareth 156). Reagan was an anti-communist and publicly called the Soviet Union an ‘evil empire’ and showed his distaste by providing support for anti-communist activities worldwide. W e will focus on the strategies he employed such as the strategy of dà ©tente where he ordered considerable buildup of military in the arms race against the Soviet Union. The paper will also look into and discuss the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty (INF) of 1987 signed by him and General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev of the Soviet Union, which was to address purging of both intermediate and short range missiles in both countries (Kengor 67). The Cold War (1979-1985) was a major contributing factor to shaping Reagan’s policies on arms and his subsequent action in building up America’s military in anticipation of a war breaking out between the U.S and the Soviet Union, therefore this paper is going to focus on this and bring out the reasons behind the arms race (Marples 63; Langley 154). Reagan was a critic of arms control and termed the arms race as a cold war symptom thus resulting to a race in buildup of arms arguing that arms control negotiations could not end the deadlock, he was concerned with how the Soviet Union was way ahead of the United States in the nuclear race and becoming vulnerable to Soviet attack (Hilton 208). Form this, the paper will try and explain how this situation affected Reagan’s political career, campaigns, and decisions. Consequently, we will look at the role he played in bringing an end to the Cold War, and the Iran-Contra affair revelation.Advertising Looking for critical writing on biography? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More We will also look at the treaty Reagan signed before he left office which was a contrast to what he believed in and campaigned on. The paper will also determine whether the diplomatic ties initiated by Reagan are still in place and whether the INF treaty signed in 1987 was effective and if yes, to what extent. If not, then what are the consequences? (Smith, Gwendolyn and USAF Institute for National Security Studies 82; Reagan 64 ). The research paper will use both primary and secondary sources of data. The secondary sources will include books on Ronald Reagan to determine his policies and ideologies and what shaped them. We will also use books on the Soviet Union to try and link the fall of the soviet with Reagan’s military buildup in the U.S. a list has been provided at the end of this memo detailing the specific sources of references that will be used in this research paper. Apart from books other resources will include scholarly publications, and internet sources (Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists (b) 106; Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists (a) 136). In conclusion, the main purpose of this research paper will to be to find out and shed light on Ronald Reagan’s ideologies, perceptions, thoughts, and legacies especially where they bordered on politics, the cold war and the arms race between the United States and the Soviet Union and optimistically all this issues will be addressed. Works Cited Busch, Andrew. Ronald Reagan and the politics of freedom, New York: Rowman Littlefield, 2002. Print. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists July 1987: 10, 25-27, 45-47, 49-52. Print. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists Aug. 1981: 10, 5-7, 49-60. Print.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Reagan and the Arms Race specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Hilton, Ronald. â€Å"The Collapse of the Soviet Union and Ronald Reagan.† Stanford.edu, Webmaster, n.d. Web. Hudson, Cheryl and Gareth, Davies. Ronald Reagan and the 1980s: perceptions, policies, legacies, New York Palgrave Macmillan, 2008. Print. Kengor, Paul. The Crusader: Ronald Reagan and the Fall of Communism, New York: HarperCollins, 2007. Print. Langley, Andrew. The Collapse of the Soviet Union: The End of an Empire, Massachusetts: Compass Point Books, 2006. Print. Marples, David. The collapse of the Soviet Union, 1985-1991, Boston: Pearson, 2004. Print. Smith James, Gwendolyn Hall, and USAF Institute for National Security Studies. Milestones in strategic arms control, 1945-2000: United States Air Force roles and outcomes, Collingdale: DIANE Publishing, 2002. Print. Reagan, Ronald. An American Life. New York: Free Press, A Division of Simon Schuster, 2003.Advertising Looking for critical writing on biography? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This critical writing on Reagan and the Arms Race was written and submitted by user Matthias Hansen to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Career Development Plan

Career Development Plan Free Online Research Papers After much deliberation a new compensation plan for the five new sales team members has been constructed. This compensation plan is the result of the InterClean management rating each sales staff team member according to five criteria. The categories are skill, effort, responsibility and working conditions. This proposal will discuss the new compensation plan components, why those components will work and three aspects that comprise a total benefits package for the sales team. Evaluations of skill sets among the five selected candidates were considered first. Experience was used as a basis by which relevant performance was evaluated. Dennis White, Eric Borden, Terry Garcia, Tom Gonzalez and Shane Huck all have at least five years of sales experience with sanitation products/services. Dennis White who is a year shy of that mark has past sales experience in the auto industry that lends creditability to his sales technique. Sales records of each of the five selected represent a lucent customer service based approach that is in line with the business goals of InterClean. Effort in maintaining and representing the overall business goal of InterClean, the focus on sanitation packages that provide total solutions for our customers is represented well by these salespeople. Desired result of management was to assemble a sales team that combined the forward looking aggressive approach of InterClean sales strategy with the long-term customer care approach of Env iroTech sales staff. InterClean believes that goal has been accomplished by choosing these five salespeople. Responsibilities of these candidates in their past positions differ somewhat but share common ground generally. Shane Huck and Tom Gonzales bring managerial experience to the table from both sides of the merger. This allows comparison of strategy and technique. Dennis White, Eric Borden and Terry Garcia all share long sales representative experience thus providing a cumulative knowledge of sanitation solution expertise in excess of 24 years. Working conditions for each of the sales staff have been similar with a slight difference in the products that were being represented and the scope of the clientele. The new compensation plan was devised by using a competency based system. This was decided upon to provide flexibility with assignments. Because it allows for evaluation based on specialties like customer service and generalities like overall product knowledge this system works well for InterClean sales staff who represent both these attributes in their sales approach. Additionally tying compensation to contributions InterClean will be able to retain highly successful salespeople that are capable of cross training employees from various departments who are ready for more responsibility. 60 percent of each team members compensation will be base pay 10 percent will be in the form of profit sharing (stock options) 20 percent will be â€Å"at risk† compensation that is flexible an example is additional time off with pay. The remaining 10 percent will be comprised of team output. Incentives for successful team performance allow each team member to receive a bonus that is linked to the overall success of the team. Because the job function of each salesperson is interrelated at InterClean this portion of the compensation package allows for fair distribution of bonus money to the most successful team. InterClean will offer a total rewards package to each sales team composed of the following. Team based variable pay, profit sharing and pay according to skills. Sales teams will be ranked by customers internal and external as to their performance and attention to customer needs. Quarterly achievement of objectives and observation by management of situations requiring specialized attention will also be used to rank sales teams. This system will help establish a high performance standard by allowing teams to profit from work in line with the InterClean business direction and overall plan. Benefits of incentives attached to team performance encourage cooperation between salespeople. They also reward employees who are paid only a base salary. Disadvantages are increased competition between teams. Difficulty in recognizing individual contributions which could lead to some individuals becoming less motivated. There also is the possibility that top performers can become jaded as to their contributions and start feeling as if they are carrying less productive members of the team. Much effort has been given to the establishment of this compensation package for the sales teams. InterClean management believes this system will provide excellent rewards that are fairly distributed among sales staff and focused on the business goals of the organization. Research Papers on Career Development PlanThe Project Managment Office SystemMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductOpen Architechture a white paperIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalResearch Process Part OneAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaThe Hockey GameInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfTwilight of the UAW

What You Need to Know About Susan B. Anthony

What You Need to Know About Susan B. Anthony Working closely with Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony was a primary organizer, speaker, and writer for the 19th century womens rights movement in the United States, especially the first phases of the long struggle for womens vote, the womens suffrage movement or woman suffrage movement. Susan B. Anthony Biography To learn more about the life of Susan B. Anthony, consult the biography of Anthony on this site: Susan B. Anthony Fun Facts 13 Surprising Facts About Susan B. Anthony Susan B. Anthony Pictures In this gallery are pictures of Susan B. Anthony and several related to her life. Susan B. Anthony Pictures Susan B. Anthonys Contributions to History Susan B. Anthonys work with the womens suffrage movement is an integral part of that movements history, as she and Stanton were central to that work. General accounts of the suffrage movement for the last half of the 19th century and first few years of the 20th century thus are excellent resources about Susan B. Anthonys contributions to history: The Long Road to Suffrage - a description of the woman suffrage movement from Seneca Falls to 1920 Womens Suffrage Events - a timeline of events in the history of the womens suffrage movement in America, starting with Susan B. Anthonys stand in 1837 for equal pay for women teachers. One particular incident which featured Susan B. Anthony was her attempt to vote and subsequent trial for that offense.   The trial is considered a landmark in American womens history: United States v. Susan B. Anthony National Woman Suffrage Association: Susan B. Anthony (with Elizabeth Cady Stanton) headed up this wing of the split womens suffrage movement, 1869 - 1890. Susan B. Anthony Quotes This collection of Susan B. Anthony quotes will give a flavor of her speeches and writings: Susan B. Anthony Quotes About Susan B. Anthony - Contemporary Accounts Contemporary sources writings from the time someone was alive may not include some of the analysis which historians later developed about particular individuals, but they do provide us with personal details about a persons life, and a perspective on how that individual was perceived while she was alive.   This site includes several contemporary sources about Susan B. Anthony: In these excerpts from The History of Woman Suffrage Volume 1, Elizabeth Cady Stanton describes Susan B. Anthonys entrance into the new movement for womens rights, the beginning of a lifelong friendship between the two women:Reminiscences by Elizabeth Cady StantonIn Reminiscences of Famous Women, Harriet Townsend described her own memory of Susan B. Anthony:Susan B. Anthony by Harriet A. TownsendWhen Susan B. Anthony died in 1906, she was well-known for her work in the womens suffrage movement.   This contemporary obituary says a lot about how she was known and how the media and general public thought of her at the time of her death:Susan B. Anthony Obituary - 1906 Susan B. Anthony in Context To understand Susan B. Anthonys contribution to the womens suffrage movement, these additional resources may be helpful: Timelines: Womens Suffrage Events - a timeline of events in the history of the womens suffrage movement in America, starting with Susan B. Anthonys stand in 1837 for equal pay for women teachers. American Woman Suffrage Timeline - Winning the Vote - a timeline of the state-by-state legal changes on the long road to the vote for American womenOverviews: The Long Road to Suffrage - a description of the woman suffrage movement from Seneca Falls to 1920Key Events in the Womens Suffrage Movement Seneca Falls Womens Rights Convention - 1848 - Though Susan B. Anthony did not attend this event, it was key in initiating the active movement for the vote that Anthony participated in for the rest of her life. Womens Rights and the Fourteenth Amendment: this amendment to the constitution split the womens suffrage movement, and later served as a basis for winning womens rights Suffrage Turning Points 1913 - 1917: the March on Washington in 1913 through the reintroduction of the Susan B. Anthony am endment August 26, 1920 - after Susan B. Anthonys death, the womens suffrage amendment to the U.S. Constitution finally was ratified, including women as full voting citizens Related Individuals Elizabeth Cady Stanton - Stanton and Anthony were friends and cooperated closely in their work in the womens suffrage movement.   Womens Suffrage Biographies - find biographies and other resources of other key activists in the womens suffrage movementMore articles and other resources about the womens suffrage movement: Womens Suffrage - what you need to know about the womens suffrage movement Test Your Knowledge Check out how much you know about the womens suffrage movement with this online quiz: Womens Suffrage Quiz Susan B. Anthony - in Print, in Films The following list includes books by Susan B. Anthony (some with recent analysis and commentary by editors), books about Susan B. Anthony, and books for children and young adults about Susan B. Anthony: Susan B. Anthony Books In 1999, a documentary on Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton and their suffrage work premiered. Not for Ourselves Alone

Morgan stanly Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Morgan stanly - Essay Example The headquarters is located in New York City, Manhattan, and the representatives of the company, as well as subsidiaries can be found in 42 countries. Total assets that company manages or supervises, reported by the company, total $ 304 billion. The company was established in September 1935 by Henry Morgan, Harold Stanley, and others. The establishment was stipulated by the Glass-Steagall Act, that required the proper division of the banking and investment activity of the financial organizations. As Chiou and Larson (2005) emphasize the first operational year appeared rather successful, as the company managed to gain the 24% of the market share (which involved up to $ 1 billion) in managing the public offerings (up to 70% of the company’s assets) as well as private placements. In the end of 1930s the company participated in the industrial development of the USA by offering $ 100 million debentures for the US Steel Corporation, as well as obtaining the rail syndicate in 1939. T he 1950s period is considered as quite notorious for the financial structure of the company, since the company was involved into the banking activity by co-managing the World Bank’s bonds. ... in the same year, and entered the real estate business by this merger. In 1990s, the company added another financial management approach, and started serving like the underwriter for most technical and scientific initiatives. Therefore, Morgan Stanley served as the key underwriter for Netscape, Cisco, Compaq, Dolby Laboratories, Brocade, Google and others. The core products that the company offers for the financial services market involve Global Wealth Management, Investment Management and Consulting, as well as working out proper and relevant management strategies for the institutional financial securities. Industry Analysis Financial services that are offered by the Morgan Stanley and competitors are generally intended to regulate the financial flow, stabilize the economic and financial global situation, as well as secure the managed financial reserves, debts, and investments from financial catastrophes and crises. Therefore, the financial services industry involves such spheres as banking, financial insurance, managing security, investment fund controlling, retail, payment systems development. Considering the circumstances of the 2008 financial crisis, stabilization, and reformation of the global economic system is regarded as the priority for most experienced economists. They make emphasis on developing effective financial management tools, that financial companies possess. (Horrigan, 2004) In accordance with the estimates, offered by Halah Touryalai (2013), Forbes observer, the Morgan Stanley controlled up to 40% assets of the retail clients in 2012, and the forecasts for the years 2013-2014 expect that this share will suffer 16% decrease. RBC Wealth Management’s (regional assets broker) market share, in its turn is

Communication in Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Communication in Economics - Essay Example Paul Krugman, a Nobel Prize winning economist argues that the move to raise the minimum wage would not lead to job loss because big companies like McDonalds cannot replace workers by machines nor move these jobs overseas. However, the implications may not be the same for small companies. According to the U.S Department of Labor, raising the minimum wage can be beneficial to the economy, for instance, it would reduce employee turnover and increase consumer purchasing power. Increasing the minimum wage may be beneficial to those who receive it even though this might have little impact on the U.S economy. Therefore, it is prudent to review critically the move by L.A to increase the minimum wage from a socio-political dimension rather than an economical point of view. It is high time that the electorate figure out the motive of many elected officers as that of garnering votes rather than boosting the

Safeguarding and Protection in Health Essay Example for Free

Safeguarding and Protection in Health Essay 1.1- Diversity means the difference between people and the values and beliefs that they have, there is lots of ways in which people differ, for example, ability, beliefs, race, religion, gender, culture, the differences in people are what makes an individual and as a care worker it is important to recognise these and respect their individuality to ensure that they feel valued and included, if I treated everyone the same or made assumptions or decisions for my service user’s or stereotyped people this would cause them to feel unvalued which would dent their self-esteem and more seriously would mean I was working in a discriminatory way and the service user would not have their needs met. It is very important to value diversity in individuals and work in ways that ensure that their needs, wishes and preferences are taken into account all of us as individuals have this right. By stereotyping individuals, this is the main cause of discrimination in which we, at times have a lack of understanding of differing cultures, beliefs, for example ‘all black people are drug dealers,’ ‘Jewish people are mean with money,’ ‘the Irish are thick,’ labelling and stereotyping is a form of being prejudice and media and television programmes can have a big influence on us all and the way we look at people and instantly make judgements, we are if completely honest guilty of doing this, but as a professional care-worker it is very important to challenge this behaviour and to value everyone’s choice, beliefs, cultures, not make assumptions because of the way they look, dress or their personal beliefs and cultures, it is important to respect their diversity and work in ways that respect their decisions and meet their needs even if they differ entirely from my own, spending time with individuals finding out how and where and when the y want my support, how they would like the support given, documenting their wishes is very important as this will ensure the individual feels valued, included, a care plan which is person-centred will give the best support to the individual and outcomes will be met. Read more: Principles of safeguarding and protection in health and social care  essay Equality is about everyone being equal and ensuring that their diversity is valued and individuals are given the same services and support wherever they are from, to promote equality it is important to find the correct level of care to ensure the individual can reach his/her goals in life and encourage them to reach them even if there is perceived disadvantages for them, individuals deserve the correct level of support to maintain and achieve their goals and can participate the same as someone who needs none or less support, by lifting the barriers this will enable the individual to feel valued and build self esteem and independence. Governments definition of social class allows them to determine what planning services are needed around the country, but there are many ways that social class is perceived, this could be lower class, middle class and upper class, how we determine this is by example: I would say individuals who have very well paid professional careers and live in affluen t area’s of the country with top of the range cars, who send their children to private schools are the upper class of our society, but individuals from lower class through education can move around the class system. These systems of social classes can cause at times inequality, individuals from the lower class can suffer from ill health and poverty which create many more social and economical factors for example: poor nutrition, mental health problems, infant and childhood deaths, heart disease, diabetes. Gender, disability and age can also be causes of inequality, this can be made worse if poverty is a factor particularly in the elderly who live on low income, over 30% of the elderly who are entitled to pension credits do not claim it and this in turn means that they live in severe deprivation, poverty and socio-economic deprivation are the leading causes of inequality in the united kingdom and is made worse by attitudes for example, racism, sexism and discrimination against people with disabilities. inclusion is about equal opportunities for individuals, whatever their age, gender, ethnicity, attainment and background, feeling respected, feeling a sense of belonging, being valued for who you a re. 1.2 The possible effects of discrimination can be very serious and can affect an individuals self-esteem and can reduce their ability to maintain their self belief and identity, being discriminatory because of their, for example sex, age, disability, colour of their skin, religion, can and will have a detrimental affect on a persons well-being and causing the individual to feel, angry, humiliated, depressed, low self esteem, worthless and unvalued. To eliminate the above as a care worker I should always strive to work in a anti-discriminatory way and respect a person and their choices whatever they are, respect their diversity as an individual, some examples of this would be to work to a person centred approach to ensure that the individuals needs, wishes and preferences are met, this could be cultural meal choices, ensuring language barriers are supported, not ignoring a person because of their differences, treating everyone equally, challenge discriminatory behaviour in my workplace, respect diversity of individuals and not push my own views on them. 1.3 Inclusive practice promotes equality and supports diversity of the individual, if we as care workers ensure that the individuals needs are met and ensuring that no barriers are there that would mean that they could not feel included and made to feel worthless. By understanding the individuals needs and what needs to be implemented for them to fully participate is important, this could be ‘a fully working hearing aid, good lighting, wheelchair, flash cards. Also being aware of any changes in the individuals overall health and recognising that at times extra support may be needed so they can still be included and fulfil an active life, mentally, physically and emotionally and ensure these are implemented. Question 2 2.1 2.2 2.1There are many legislations and codes of practice relating to equality, diversity and discrimination in my work role. It is my responsibility to adhere to these legislations and follow also my organisational policies and procedures relating to the above, my responsibility is about protecting and improving and not infringing rights of others, by dis-regarding a persons choice, entitlement is an infringement of their rights, so it is vitally important as a care worker to have the correct balance of rights and responsibilities. There are rights that do not have the force of law, these are rights under national standards, codes of practice, guidelines and policies, they are enforceable within social care and will help to improve the quality of services that individuals receive. National Minimum Standards England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland, have their own individual body and they are responsible for inspecting social care facilities to ensure that they are complying with the National Minimum Standards, they are: The Quality Care Commission in England, Care Commission in Scotland, The Care and Social Service Inspectorate in Wales and The Regulations Quality Improvement Authority in Northern Ireland, all these bodies will have there minimum standards to inspect the quality of care, there will be different standards for different types of services for example, one set of standards would be for a care home for the older adult and different set for young people or a children’s home, also these organisations would have policies in place to outline what services and support that the individuals using these can expect to receive. All these regulatory bodies in the UK have codes of practice for both employers in social care and also their employees, it is my responsibility to promote and protect the individuals rights and their interests and maintain them so they feel valued, respected, included, they will feel have control over their own lives, respect for equal opportunities, diversity and always maintain dignity and privacy. It is also my responsibility to promote their independence and also to protect them from danger or harm, also recognise that at times they have a right to take risks, so ensure risk assessments are in place to try minimise this and all the people involved in the care of the individual that need to know are aware. Maintain trust and confidence of the individual and others, building trust and never exploiting an individual, showing any discrimination towards them, keep a professional relationship at all times, not take any unnecessary risks, keeping confidentiality, not accepting gifts, effective communication skills, declaring conflicts of interests, challenge discriminatory behaviours, being accountable for my own development, attending training courses, pin pointing where additional training will be needed, report any unsafe practice, follow regulations. Maintain rights of individuals and empower them to use them. There are also responsibilities of the employer to adhere to which are employers must ensure that individuals who are in their social care setting know their roles and responsibilities, employers must have written policies and procedures so that employees reach and meet the codes of practice for social care workers this will include area’s on risk assessment, confidentiality, keep records, equal opportunities, acceptance of gifts and substance abuse, also the employer will and should provide supervision, effective management systems, systems to report inadequate resources, training and support to enable the employees to meet the standards of the code of practice criteria’s. Employers must provide training for employees, ongoing supervision and development meetings, respond to employees who are finding any difficulties and provide support, support employees to acetane eligibility criteria’s. Employers also have a responsibility to ensure that they put in place written policies and procedures to deal with discriminatory, dangerous or exploitive behaviours and practice, policies and procedures also must be written for the following equal opportunities, minimising risks of violent and managing violent incidents, bullying, harassment and discrimination, support networks for employees who experience any violence, trauma, bullying and harassment, and also support in connection with health needs. 2.1 Employers have a responsibility to promote the codes of practice for social care workers, service user’s and primary carers and co-operate with the councils proceedings for example, informing workers of the code, co-operate with any investigations, use the code to assist in any decisions that need to be made, inform social care user’s and also to report any misconduct to the council. By adhering as an employee to the codes of practice this will ensure that care will be delivered in the highest possible quality and will ensure the service user is valued, their rights have not be infringed in any way, it will promote their independence, the care they are given is person-centred, dignity and respect is promoted, the care they are given is confidential, diversity is promoted and they have the correct level of support that will maintain that they have control over their own lives. It is also important to understand the balance between rights and responsibilities as one service user who is exercising their rights may on some occasions restrict the rights of others, for example, a care home who does not take into account cultural diets or free speech of one individual who is communicating discriminatory behaviours which will infringe on another individuals rights to be respected and valued it is racist and discriminatory and un-acceptable and is not justified on any level, individuals have the right to be different and it is my responsibility to respect their diversity, individuals have a right to choice over how they live their life, diet and routines, dignity and respect should always be maintained, people have a right to feel safe and secure and not feel threatened in any way, individuals have a right to take risks, choice in order to maintain the individuals identity and its my responsibility not to impose unnecessary risk or put the individual at any risk d anger or harm. Human Rights Act came into force on 2/10/2000, this act applies in England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland, individuals are entitled to seek help from the courts if they believe that their human rights have been infringed, it is my responsibility to work within the provisions of the Human Rights Act which for example guarantee the rights to: life, freedom from slavery, liberty and security of the individual, freedom from torture, a fair and public trial, respect for private and family life, home and correspondence, freedom of thought, conscience and religion, freedom of expression, freedom of assembly and association, marry and found a family, access to education, free elections, not to be subjected to the death penalty. Legislation about equality and rights are: All these Acts and Regulations have been superseded by a single Equality Act 2010 and covers all the previous legislations and gives individuals more protection and includes all older people and also protection for individuals not to be discriminated against on the grounds of sexual orientation, a few of the points of the act are as follows:- Protection against direct and indirect discrimination, harassment, victimisation in services and public functions, premises, work, education, associations and transport. Applying the detriment model to victimisation protection(aligning with the approach in employment law) Introducing a new concept of discrimination arising from disability. This act will give protection to individuals on rights, equality and diversity and maintain that individuals are respected and given choice 2.2 As a care worker it is vitally important to respect the beliefs, culture, values and preferences of all the individuals I support, the ways that I can do this is to set myself a high standard of working which takes all individuals choices into account and respect these and impose my own preferences on the individual, recognising my own prejudices however hard this may seem is important as these are a result of my own values and beliefs and can create conflicts in the working environment, it is important to seek advice and speak with my supervisor if I feel I will struggle with any issues in the work setting, being professional and understanding that we are all different and we have a right to be cared for which respects diversity will ensure individuals feel valued even if this care is not what I think is best for them because of my own beliefs and what I think is better for the person, I must ensure that the individuals I support feel valued and respected and not discriminated a gainst in any way, individuals need to make choices about how they wish to live their lives, having the correct balance is vitally important it will give the individual empowerment to make these choices which exercise their rights, feel valued and build self-esteem. What also is very important is to never tolerate any discriminatory behaviours in the workplace and I should always challenge these behaviours at every level and report these concerns to my manager immediately, my workplace policies and procedures need to be adhered too which will have procedures in place that respect diversity are acknowledged and respected and these must be followed, the types of behaviours that are unacceptable for example: meal choices that does not cater for cultural preferences, not respecting individuality, removing individuals choice to make their own informed decisions, not maintaining independence for the service user, not showing empathy and giving dignity and respect. Question 3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.1 As a care worker it is important to recognise that individuals have a right to be supported in ways that will ensure that they are valued, respected and are included and also that their diversity is valued and are treated equally, individuals have a right to participate in everyday life and activities as independently as possible, the support they receive should be person-centred which will maintain they have the correct level of support and promotes choice of the individual and access to other services that may be needed so the individual can achieve their best potential and will build self-esteem, I must be as a care worker flexible in the support that I give as support can change, so it is my responsibility to be aware of changes so correct levels of support is still to be given that maintains the individual is at the centre of any changes and decisions to be made and their choice, wishes and preferences are maintained. Care and support should be given to the individuals in the ways that they require and not to suit the establishment that I work in, social support services have changed dramatically over recent years as personalisation agenda’s is ensuring choice and control are firmly in the hands of the service user’s using care support services, direct payments and individual budgets are widely used today which will give service user’s control over, how, when and who gives them support. The impact of powerlessness is detrimental to service user’s as this will contribute to their self-esteem and how valued that they will feel, as human beings we all like to feel valued and for others to understand and respect who we are, also to respect the choices and the way we live, if this was taken away from us or service user’s they would feel un-valued and would have negative effects on their well being behaviours and confidences, also would have impact on their independence and control over their own life which in turn would make the individual more dependent , they also could then in turn have low self-esteem and feel useless and depressed. Individuals who feel confident and happy, valued and loved will be far more enthusiastic to participate and try to do as much for themselves as possible. 3.2 At one time individuals were told the level of care they can receive, how it would be given and the times they would receive it, in 2005 the White Paper Our Health, our care and a further policy Putting people first in 2007 changed the way care was given and is still to date developing, it is essential that control is given to the individuals, once assessments have been made and a budget given to the individual they can decide the amount and type of care they wish for and also they can choose to have the carer they want. 3.3Thier could be times when supporting an individual, that I identify a persons rights but they are unable to exercise their right through either physical or mental barriers, it is my responsibility as a care worker to recognise this and access further assistance or information, this could be for example: involve an advocate who will argue a case for another person, they will try to understand the individuals perspective and argues their case, my own organisation will have procedures in place that will assist me in gaining the services of people who will act as advocates for them. It may also arise that I will need to support an individual in a more informal way this could be for example ‘A day centre that is not fulfilling a cultural need of an individual’ it is my responsibility to challenge this with the manager and ensure that this will be corrected immediately and the individuals cultural needs are being met. It is important to ensure that I provide support that will encourage the individual to take control and make their own choices and decisions that will enable them maximum participation in every aspect of their lives and if possible make their own decisions and only put the support in on the gaps that the cannot possibly do for themselves. if I witnessed a discriminatory incident I would address the situation by reporting it to my manager and recording it immediately. By doing this it is more likely to be dealt with in the appropriate manner If I overheard someone making a discriminatory remark or not promoting equality or valuing diversity I would challenge them in a calm and professional way and tell them that what they were saying or doing, is unacceptable and explain why. I could also add that I am upset and offended by their discriminatory words and actions and that it is unlawful. In a work setting, discrimination can be a disciplinary matter and policies and procedures are in place to deal with this. I could actively challenge discrimination by acting as a role model for positive behaviour and by empowering people to challenge discrimination themselves. Discrimination usually occurs through ignorance. By making a person aware of the facts it will educate them and hopefully change their opinions and actions in the future.

Joseph NcNamara :: essays research papers

Joseph D. McNamara was chief of police for the city of San Jose, California for fifteen years, as well as Kansas City, Missouri. He is recognized as an expert in criminal justice, police technology and management systems, crime prevention, and international drug control policies. He was appointed a research fellow at the Hoover Institution, Stanford University, in 1991.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   McNamara was a pioneer in criticizing the way Police Departments and the government â€Å" fought the war on crime†. McNamara challenged what has long been the norm in society on how to best deal with drug use in the United States. He was also on the forefront of police corruption and abuses committed by Police Officers. Numerous articles, interviews, lectures were researched to best convey McNamara’s philosophy of police technology, innovativeness and management style (leadership). McNamara's career in law enforcement spans a thirty-five-year period. He began in Harlem as a beat patrolman for the New York City Police Department. He rose through the ranks and in midcareer was appointed a criminal justice fellow at Harvard Law School, focusing on criminal justice research methodology. Following this appointment he took a leave from police work and obtained a doctorate in public administration at Harvard. Returning to duty with the NYPD, he was appointed deputy inspector in charge of crime analysis for New York City. In 1973 McNamara became police chief of Kansas City, Missouri, leading that department into groundbreaking research and innovative programs. In 1976 McNamara was appointed police chief for the city of San Jose, where he remained until his retirement in 1991. During his tenure, San Jose (the third-largest city in California and the eleventh largest in the United States) became the safest city in the country, despite having the fewest police per capita. The San Jose police became a model for innovation, community relations, utilization of technology, and productivity.

Auguste Rodin’s Burghers of Calais and Modernism

The French sculptor Auguste Rodin created the masterpiece, Burghers of Calais was first displayed in eighteen eighty-nine. It took him five years to complete the bronze statue of the six men who save the city of Calais by offering their lives during the Hundred Year War. Even though the subject of the Burghers of Calais is Medieval in its subject, it is an example of Modernism.Since a sculpture is three dimensional it is definitely different than other art works yet the elements of Modernism can still be employed. Modernism is an artistic movement where artists deliberately left behind the forms used by artist in the past.With Burghers of Calais, Rodin expressed the realistic elements of the human body rather than the idealistic ones of the past. Instead of adhering to the ornate items that could distract the viewer form the intended subject, he portrayed the simple, rustic garments warn by the men of that time. He also diverted from the past masters by concentrating on the raw emoti on in the expressions of the subjects as they knew they were facing execution. Despair, fear, sadness, and anger are realistic on the faces and in the eyes of the subjects. Displaying the emotions was a departure from the heroic light that subjects had been shown in the past.Another enormous element of Modernism is that the viewer be allowed to take an active part in the analysis of the art. Rodin did this with Burghers of Calais by having the pedestal removed from the base of the statue. This allowed the viewer to see eye to eye with the subjects. He/she could better feel the emotion that is displayed by each of the men. The viewer could become one with the subject an allow the raw feelings to pervade their beings References Delahunt, M. (1996-2008). Artlex. Retrieved April 9, 2008 from http://www. artlex. com Rodin, A. (1889). Burghers of Calais.

Citric Acid Cycle

Describe the role of the citric acid cycle as a central metabolic mechanism. Explain what happens to the cells’ abilities to oxidize acetyl CoA when intermediates of the cycle are drained off for amino acid biosynthesis. Glucose is a source of energy that is metabolized into glycolysis to pyruvate yielding ATP. To become more efficient, pyruvate must be oxidized into carbon dioxide and water. This combustion of carbon dioxide and water to generate ATP is called cellular respiration (Tymoczko, Berg & Stryer, 2013, p. 315). In eukaryotic cells, this aerobic process is used because of the efficiency.Cellular respiration is divided into parts: carbon fuels are completely oxidized with a concomitant generation of high transfer potential electrons in a series of reactions called citric acid cycle, tricarboxylic acid cycle, or Krebs cycle (Tymoczko, p. 318); the acetyl groups are fed into the citric cycle which are oxidized to CO2 and the energy released in conserved reduced electron carriers- NADH and FADH; the high transfer potential electrons transferred to oxygen to form water in a series of oxidation-reduction reactions called oxidative phosphorylation (Tymoczko, p.  318).The citric acid cycle takes place in the mitochondria and is the central metabolic hub in the cell; the gateway to aerobic metabolism of all fuel molecules (Tymoczko, p. 318). This cycle is important source for the building blocks of molecules such as amino acids, nucleotide bases, and porphyrin. Pyruvate can convert into different molecules depending on the aerobic (acetyl coenzyme A) or anaerobic condition (lactic acid or ethanol). In the presence of oxygen, acetyl CoA is able to enter the citric acid cycle because this is the most acceptable fuel input into the cell.The path that the pyruvate takes depends on the energy needs of the cell and the oxygen availability (Tymoczko, p. 318). Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex consist of three distinct enzymes each with its own active site: Pyru vate dehydrogenase catalyzes the decarboxylation of pyruvate and the formation of acetyllipoamide, dihydrolipoyl transacetylase forms acetyl CoA, and dihydrolipoly dehydrogenase regenerates the active transacetylase (Tymoczko, p. 319).These three enzymes participate with five coenzymes: thiamine pyrophosphate, lipoic acid, coenzyme A, NAD+, and FAD. Acetyl CoA undergoes oxidation by donating the acetyl group to the four-carbon compound oxaloacetate to form the six-carbon citrate. Citrate is transformed to isocitrate (six-carbon molecule), that is dehydrogenated with the loss of CO2 (twice) to yield a five-carbon compound a-ketoglutarate (oxoglutarate). A-ketoglutarate undergoes loss of CO2 yielding a four-carbon succinate and second molecule of CO2.Succinate is enzymatically converted into a three step four-carbon oxaloacetate. Citric acid cycle removes electrons from citrate and uses these electrons to form NADH and FADH2. These electrons carriers yield nine molecules of ATP when o xidized by O2 in oxidative phosphorylation. Electrons released in the reoxidations of NADH and FADH2 flow through a series of membrane proteins (electron-transport chain) generating a proton gradient across the membrane. This proton gradient is used to generate ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate (Tymoczko, p. 330).The citric acid is comprised of two stages: Each turn of the cycle, one acetyl group (two-carbon) enters the acetyl-CoA and two molecules of CO2 leave-one molecule of oxaloacetate is used to form citrate then metabolized to a four carbon molecule; the remaining four carbon molecule is metabolized after many reactions- oxaloacetate is regenerated. The citric acid cycle has eight steps: 1. The formation of citrate is the condensation of acetyl-CoA with oxaloacetate to form citrate and is catalyzed by citrate synthase. This occurs by the condensation of four-carbon unit, oxaloacetate, and a two-carbon unit, the acetyl group of acetyl CoA.Oxaloacetate reacts with acetyl CoA and water to yield citrate and CoA (Tymoczko, p. 330). 2. The formation of isocitrate via cis-Aconitate. The enzyme aconitase catalyzes the reversible transformation of citrate to isocitrate through formation of tricarboxylic acid cis-aconitate. Citrate is isomerized into isocitrate to enable the six carbon unit to undergo oxidative decarboxylation allowing a dehydration and hydration step of citrate (Tymoczko, p. 332). Aconitase can promote the reversible addition of H2O to double bond of enzyme-bound cis-anonitate in two ways: one leading to citrate and the other to isocitrate.3. Oxidation of isocitrate to a-ketoglutarate and CO2. Isocitrate dehydrogenase catalyzes oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate to form a-ketoglutarate. The two forms of isocitrate dehydrogenase require NAD+ as electron acceptor and NADP+. This intermediate reaction is oxalosuccinate (unstable alpha-ketoacid). The enzyme loses CO2 to form alpha-ketoglutarate which generates the first high-transfer potentia l electron carrier in the cycle NADH through oxidation (Tymoczko, p. 332). 4. Oxidation of a-ketoglutarate to succinyl-CoA and CO2.Oxidative decarboxylation of a-ketoglutarate is converted to succinyl-CoA and CO2 by the a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex. During this portion of citric acid cycle, the two carbon atoms have entered the cycle and two carbon atoms have been oxidized to CO2. The electrons from oxidations are captured in two molecules of NADH (Tymoczko, p. 333). 5. Conversion of Succinyl-CoA to succinate. Succinyl-CoA has a thioester bond with a strong negative standard free energy of hydrolysis (six-carbon citrate from the four-carbon oxaloacetate and the two-carbon fragment).The energy released in the breakage of the bond is used to drive the synthesis of a phosphoanhydride bond in either GTP or ATP. The enzyme that catalyzes the reaction is succinyl-CoA synthetase. In tissues that require large amount of cellular respirations, ADP predominates whereas anabolic react ions require GDP/GTP (Tymoczko, p. 334). The methylene group (CH2) is converted into a carbonyl group (C=O) in three steps: an oxidation, hydration, and a second oxidation reaction (Tymoczko, p. 335). The energy produced and extracted in the forms of FADH2 and NADH. 6.Oxidation of succinate to fumarate. Succinate formed from succinyl-CoA is oxidized to fumarate by flavoprotein succinate dehydrogenase. FAD is the hydrogen acceptor in the reaction. Succinate dehydrogenase is directly associated with the electron-transport chain transferring two electrons directly from FADH2 to coenzyme CoQ; CoQ passes electrons to the oxygen acceptor (Tymoczko, p. 334). Succinate is oxidized to fumarate; starting the next step of hydration of fumarate to form L-malate. 7. Hydration of fumarate to malate. The hydration of fumarate to L-malate is catalyzed by fumarase.Malate is oxidized to form oxaloacetate and NAD+ is the hydrogen acceptor (Tymoczko, p. 335). 8. Oxidation of Malate to oxaloacetate. Thi s is the last reaction of the citric acid cycle. NAD-linked L-malate dehydrogenase is the oxidation of L-malate to oxaloacetate. The citric acid is considered important in the central metabolic mechanism because: it is the starting points for synthesis of a variety of intermediate compounds such as the metabolism of sugars and amino acids; the metabolism of amino acids and lipids; and it links anaerobic metabolism to aerobic metabolism.The pathway of the citric acid cycle is the intermediate hub of metabolism that serves to fuel many types of compounds. The intermediates are drawn out of the cycle to be used as precursors in many varieties of biological pathways. The citric acid cycle is amphibolic pathway serving as catabolic and anabolic processes. The oxidative catabolism of carbohydrates, fatty acids, and amino acids through reactions serve as precursors. For example, amino acids such as aspartate and glutamate, the carbons of oxaloacetate and a-ketoglutarate build other amino a cids like purine and pyrimidine nucleotides.Oxaloacetate is converted to glucose in gluconeogenesis. Succinyl-CoA is an intermediate in the synthesis of the prophyrin ring of heme groups serving as oxygen carriers (blood) and electron carriers such as cytochromes (Retrieved from Foundations of biochemistry). The mechanisms of the citric acid cycle complement each other by reducing the rate of the formation of acetyl CoA when the energy of the cell is high and biosynthetic intermediates are abundant. This energy is abundant and the cycle can provide a source of building blocks for biomolecules such as nucleotide bases, proteins, and heme groups.This depletes the intermediates and when the cycle needs replenishment of the intermediates, anaplerotic reactions occur (Tymoczko, p. 343). Describe the 3 steps in photosynthesis, detailing the interrelationships among them. (Discussion in the online classroom. ) The three steps part of photosynthesis process involves capturing energy from th e sunlight; using energy to make ATP and reducing power in the form of NADPH; and using ATP and NADPH to power the synthesis of organic molecules (carbohydrates) from CO2 in the air (carbon fixation).There are two types of reactions that take place to ensure the process of photosynthesis: the light-dependent reactions and the light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle). Light-dependent reactions provide raw materials such as ATP serving as a source of energy and NADPH provides the reducing power (taftcollege. edu). Light reactions result in the creation of reducing power for the production of NADPH, the generation of a transmembrane proton gradient for the formation of ATP, and the production of O2 (Tymoczko, p.  404).The Calvin cycle (C3 photosynthesis) is the pathway that assembles the new molecules which takes place in the stroma of the chloroplasts (Retrieved from Taft College website). Chloroplasts are organelles in which photosynthesis takes place. The main role of chloroplas t is to capture light energy and convert the electromagnetic radiation into chemical energy for the essence and is the key to life on planet earth. Chloroplasts have an inner and outer membrane.The inner membrane surrounds a space called the stroma that contains soluble enzymes (rubisco-important in the Calvin cycle) that reduce power and ATP converting CO2 into sugar (Tymoczko, p. 390). In the stroma, membranous discs called thylakoid are aligned in stacks which are impermeable to most molecules and ions whereas the outer membrane of chloroplast has a permeable membrane to small molecules and ions (Tymoczko, p. 390). Thylakoids have a large surface area for light absorption and the space within them allows rapid accumulation of protons (Retrieved from Taft College website).Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll, a green pigment found inside the thylakoid membranes. Hundreds of chlorophyll molecules function together like an antenna system for the capture of light photons resulting in che mical electron excitement (Gu, 2013). The region of chemical excitation, called an exciton, migrates through the chlorophyll antenna until it reaches a point in the array where it can be funneled into a chemical system (Gu, 2013). Chlorophyll has two types: chlorophyll a, primarily in green plants has less absorption than chlorophyll b.Chlorophyll b has accessory pigments such as carotenoids which give the colors of yellows and reds in plants. The accessory pigments are arranged in numerous light-harvesting complexes that completely surround the reaction center; these pigments absorb light and deliver the energy to the reaction center by resonance energy transfer for conversion into chemical forms (Tymoczko, p. 394). The chlorophyll molecules are arranged in groups called photosystems. There are two types of photosystems are Photosystem I and Photosystem II.When chlorophyll molecule absorbs light, energy from the light raises chlorophyll electron molecules to a higher energy state k nown as being photoactivated (Retrieved from Taft College website). Excited electrons anywhere within the photosystem are then passed on from one chlorophyll molecule to the next until they reach a special chlorophyll molecule at the reaction center of the photosystem leading to a chain of electron carriers (Retrieved from Taft College website). The light-dependent reactions start within Photosystem II.Photosystem II responds to wavelengths shorter than 680 nm sending electrons through a membrane-bound proton pump called cytochrome bf and then to photosystem I to replace the electrons that are donated to photosystem I to NADP+. The electrons in the reaction center of photosystem II are replaced when two molecules of water are oxidized to generate a molecule of oxygen (Tymoczko, p. 395). When excited electrons reach the special chlorophyll molecule at the reaction center of PS II, this chain of electron carriers found within the thylakoid membrane releases energy.The energy is used t o pump protons (hydrogen ions) across the thylakoid membrane into the space within the thylakoid forming a proton gradient. The protons can travel back across the membrane, down the concentration gradient, passing through ATP synthase. ATP synthase is located in the thylakoid membrane and it uses the energy released from the movement of protons down their concentration gradient to synthesize ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate (Retrieved from Taft College website). This proton gradient is the driving force for ATP production (Tymoczko, p.395). The synthesis of ATP in this manner is called non-cyclic photophosphorylation (uses the energy of excited electrons from photosystem II). The electrons from the chain of electron carriers are then accepted by Photosystem I. Photosystem I responds to light within wavelengths shorter than 700 nm and responsible for providing electrons to reduce NADP+ to NADPH, requiring a reduction in power of the electrons (Tymoczko, p. 395). Electrons are rep laced from previous electrons lost from Photosystem I.Photosystem I absorbs light and becomes photoactivated leading to excited electrons that are raised to a higher energy state. These electrons are passed along a short chain of electron carriers and used to reduce NADP+ in the stroma (Retrieved from Taft College website). The powerful reductant ferredoxin reacts with NADP+ forming NADPH. When there is a shortage of NADP+ this inhibits the normal flow of electrons. When this occurs, the alternative pathway for ATP production (cyclic photophosphorylation) begins with Photosystem I absorbing light and becoming photoactivated.The excited electrons from Photosystem I are passed to a chain of electron carriers between Photosystem I and II. These electrons travel along the chain of carriers back to Photosystem I causing the pumping of protons across the thylakoid membrane creating a proton gradient (Retrieved from Taft College website). The protons move back across the thylakoid membrane through ATP synthase producing ATP. The light dependent reactions produce oxygen as a waste product. The special chlorophyll molecules at the reaction center pass electrons to the chain of electron carriers, becoming positively charged.Within the thylakoid space, water molecules are split due to the enzyme at the reaction center known as photolysis (Retrieved from Taft College website). Oxygen and H+ ions are formed, leading to the waste product of oxygen which most living organisms need on earth. The dark phase of photosynthesis starts with the reaction of CO2 and ribulose 1, 5-bisphosphate to form two molecules of 3-phosphoglycerate (Tymoczko, p. 418). The light-independent reactions of photosynthesis occur in the stroma of the chloroplast and involve the conversion of carbon dioxide and other compounds into glucose.The light-independent reactions can be split into three stages; these are carbon fixation, the reduction reactions and finally the regeneration of ribulose bisphospha te – collectively these stages are known as the Calvin Cycle (Retrieved from Taft College website). During carbon fixation, carbon dioxide in the stroma (which enters the chloroplast by diffusion) reacts with a five-carbon sugar called ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) to form a six-carbon compound which is catalyzed by an enzyme called ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase (large amounts present within the stroma), known as rubisco (Retrieved from Taft College website).Rubisco is the most abundant enzyme in plants and most abundant protein in the biosphere (Tymoczko, p. 409). As soon as the six-carbon compound is formed, it splits to form two molecules of 3-phosphoglycerate. 3-phosphoglycerate is then used in the reduction reactions (Retrieved from Taft College website). 3-phosphoglycerate is reduced during the reduction reactions to a three-carbon sugar called hexose phosphate that consist of 3 types of isomeric forms: glucose 1-phosphate, glucose 6- phosphate, and fructose 6-phosph ate known as hexose monophosphate pool (Tymoczko, p.  409).Energy and hydrogen is needed for the reduction that are supplied by ATP and NADPH and H+ (both produced during light-dependent reactions). The condensation of many molecules of glucose phosphate forms starch in the form of carbohydrates which is stored in plants. The hexose phosphates produced during the reduction reactions, only use one to synthesize glucose phosphate, the other phosphates will be used to regenerate RuBP (Retrieved from Taft College website).The regeneration of RuBP is essential for carbon fixation to continue. Five hexose phosphate molecules will undergo a series of reactions requiring energy from ATP, to form three molecules of RuBP which are consumed and produced during light-independent reactions forming the Calvin cycle. The actual operation of photosynthesis reactions, called the carbon reduction or Calvin cycle, may be summarized as follows: 6 CO2 + 6 RudP —-> 6 RudP + 1 Hexose # of carbons 6 + 30 —-> 30 + 6

knights of labor essays

knights of labor essays The successes and failures of the Knights of Labor, have generated many controversial issues that have helped shape the North American labor movement. The Knights of Labor were originally part of the Trades and Labor Congress of Canada when it was organized in 1886 but were expelled after the Berlin Convention in 1902. It was during these years that the Knights of Labor enjoyed their peak success, and also contributed to their disappearance before World War I. Unquestionably the Knights of Labor was a popular movement, and was growing at an alarming rate. The members put the labor movement on the map, reaching groups that had never been reached before and teaching things about land, money, immigration, and government ownership that had never been taught before. The Knights of Labor tried one way and failed, but is it appropriate to ask, who has found another way and succeeded? It is a mistake to think that the North American Labor movement has outgrown the Knights of Labor. In functions, organizations, and ideas, perhaps, but not in opinion. Emphasis on the principle of solidarity was the beginning of understanding the Knights of Labor. Strange names and titles, rituals, secrecy, forms of organization, and even activities, were all secondary principles. The main objective of the Order was to teach the American wage earner that he was a wage earner first and a bricklayer, shoemaker, carpenter, and/or miner ,etc. after. It also taught that he was a wage earner first and a Catholic, Protestant, Jew, white, black, Democrat, or Republican, after. However, the main objective of the order was to organize all nationalities, races, creeds, and grades of skill into one common labor union, in which all members earned their living by the sweat of their brow. The federation was a part fraternal, part union organization designed to settle labor disputes throughout North America. It drew many races of people including blacks,...

A Shift Of Reality Essay Research Paper

A Shift Of Reality Essay, Research Paper A Shift of World The new telecasting genre of world shows is going so popular because they offer an alternate sense of world. What is world and is there merely one reading or many different 1s? There is no 1 world because world displacements. The dictionary definition of world is the followers: World is the province of things as they are instead than as they are imagined to be. Worlds are facts. Just like world, facts besides shift. There could be a newspaper article about an temblor in Los Angeles and it would depict the harm and deceases, which are facts. Another edition of the newspaper may come out a few yearss subsequently with new information and more deceases to account for which would so do the facts to switch. Virtual world is the set of images and sounds produced by a computing machine which seem to stand for a topographic point or state of affairs in which a individual sing it can take portion but is this truly world? There can non be merely one world that is cosmopolitan to everyone becau se along with the always-changing context, people s perceptual experience besides changes on a regular footing. To assist exemplify this, world telecasting plans have been created. Of class the manufacturers of these telecasting shows do non desire the viewing audiences to hold on such differentiations between world and the shows they are bring forthing because it might endanger the merchandise they are seeking to sell. Unfortunately, the people who buy into these world shows far out-weigh the 1s who don T. Ten old ages ago, manufacturers recognized there was a whole new genre of programming out at that place. Today, the world fad is now under manner in full force. New shows are being introduced one right after another. Manufacturers have created shows like Big Brother, Survivor, Real World, Blind Date and Temptation Island because of the popularity of this new genre of world shows. But why are these shows so popular and how existent are they or in what sense are they existent? Why have these world shows taken over and have somewhat replaced Television situation comedies and films? Aren t there similarities between the two? These shows are so popular because they deal with existent life issues and jobs that happen in every twenty-four hours lives of people in our society. Of class in existent life, you might non travel to Belize to rip off on a important other but the bang of it excited the viewing audiences. They deal with constructs that could go on to you and we, as people are funny about how to respond to these same state of affairss without really holding to be in them at the present minute. We continue to watch these shows because we associate to a character that is similar to ourselves and we concentrate on that character s interactions and relationships with others. But how existent are these character s reactions. Of class they don Ts have a book but they know that they were picked because they could full-fill some imitation and they play up to this function they were given. We get pulled in and go funny to what is traveling to go on next. We want to see our character and what they do next or what is in shop for them. You could about state that we become addicted to the telecasting shows. Not merely do we watch these shows for existent life comparings but we besides watch them because they are merely entertaining and merriment to watch. Sometimes the material that happens is so far fetched that you merely have to express joy at the idea of it really go on ing. Peoples like these shows because they can express joy at the state of affairss being portrayed and know that they don Ts have to cover with them themselves and because it isn t go oning to them. These shows offer an alternate sense of world where at that place seems to be no effects or the effects seem bogus or staged because it is a telecasting show. How existent are these telecasting shows and can you truly compare them to existent life world? Take Real World and Temptation Island. Real World is about six aliens who go through an full showing procedure and are picked to populate in a house someplace and have their lives taped and so broadcasted to the full universe. The public viewing audiences raise many inquiries. How much of their lives and interactions are really shown? There is no manner that the manufacturers can suit all of the things that happen into a half-hour or hr block. So what do they make? They edit and edit and edit. They create the struggles and play off people s insecurities and emotions. They develop the chief narrative line and secret plan with all the hours of fresh taping. Real World is now in its seventh or 8th episode. Make you truly think that the 7th episode is traveling to be as existent at the first 1 was? The reactions are supposed to be believed to be existent but in fact, many argue that they are s taged. They have no book but the manufacturers can make the character with the engineering of redacting. They can pretty much make about anything with this engineering. There is no written book that is really touchable but it seems as though there is an mute book that these alleged existent people follow. Temptation Island on the other manus is about four twosomes who go to an island in Baja off the seashore of Belize and are so separated from their important other. They so are surrounded by individual aliens of the opposite sex and tempted to rip off. The manufacturers tape the twosomes as the y travel on assorted day of the months with different work forces and adult females. These tapes so acquire shown to the important others with the worst parts of class being shown to change and falsify world and do it look like something bad happened. The people on Temptation Island have most likely seen other world based Television shows. They know that there are 1000000s of viewing audiences watching them on telecasting so they are traveling to make things to seek and stand out. Their reactions most probably will non be 100 % existent because they know they have a function to full-fill or an image to maintain. How can you be 100 % existent when you have 100s of cameras on you all the clip? This leads to the point about bad material. It is the bad material that sells. Anyone with even a small spot of sense should be able to see that these shows are altered and offer a different sense of world. But why so does this material sell and does it go on to go more and more popular? What do people believe of when they hear the word normal? What is normal? Are the people on Temptation Island and Real World normal people or do they full-fill some function that the manufacturers want portrayed? Normal as depicted in the dictionary says that it is conforming with an recognized criterion or norm ; natural ; usual. How so, do you find what is the recognized criterion? Is it being scraggy and a size two or is it a size eight? Is normal holding tonss of money and being celebrated and being driven around in a limousine or holding a house in the suburbs and having your ain concern and driving a mini new wave? You can construe something to be normal legion ways. I think that the world shows take what they think is normal and broadcast their position all across the state. Temptation Island for illustration does non hold any corpulent work forces or adult females. They all have nice, muscular organic structures and respectable callings. What does this do the younger viewing audiences that these shows have been targeted at feel about how they should look? Is this what world is all about? These people in these new shows are people like the remainder of us but they change the minute they get behind a camera. We might be looked at as tiring but they could be merely like us, merely non perceived as drilling because they are on this world telecasting show. Are these shows so popular because it is stressed upon us that the persons in these shows are normal so we are supposed to be able to associate to them better because they are more like us instead than a alleged famous person? Berger makes a claim on page 105 in the Way of Reading text. He says that the manner we see things if affected by what we know or what we believe. This helps to explicate why there is non one world and the differentiations between the varying degrees of world. If an person is brought up in an environment where his/her parents don t get along and there is dishonesty in the household, so they might turn up to see rip offing as non so bad. They would see Temptation Island as a show similar to their childhood and might promote the twosomes to rip off or wouldn t look down upon it whereas a kid who was brought up in a different type of environment where dishonesty is looked down upon enormously. This kid might see the show as disgusting and abhorrent and might non understand why any twosome would hold to take part. There are many other cultural issues in our society that one could reason are ambivalent. The issue of abortion, criminal conversation i.e. Monica Lewinsky, the monetary value of gas, child labour Torahs or speeding ordinances. The experiences in our lives and our beliefs shape the manner that we see world. It all relates to Berger s claim about the manner that we see things are affected by what we know and believe. I think that a large portion of this popularity with the world telecasting shows is credited to people s captivation with phantasy universes and desiring to populate the perfect life where everything happens merely as it should. How can one specify the perfect life? Is it holding a batch of money and being able to make everything you want or is it holding an tremendous household with tonss of love? It is difficult to state what the perfect life is. These new telecasting shows challenge that perceptual experience on what people think world is and offers a different degree of world. This is why I believe that there can be no one world. Everyone has a different position of what they think world is to them, what is normal to them, what is a perfect life and what is of import to them that they get out of life. They compare their lives to those people on these telecasting shows because it is the cupboard to existent that they can associate to without really being straight involved. They do n Ts compare their lives to films and Television situation comedies as much because they know that they both have books that the histrions have to follow and they are seen as farther from the true world than a show like Real World or Survivor. By watching these shows people can populate their lives about through the characters and that manner there are no effects. The characters do things that us as persons would neer believe of making or opportunities we could or neer would take. These new world telecasting shows offer an alternate sense of world and many different degrees of it. There is non one world because it is everlastingly altering and germinating and our society has taken this new genre of telecasting shows to portray this.

Cost Management of Engineering Works in Construction Essay

Cost Management of Engineering Works in Construction - Essay Example Since maintenance work is a short term work â€Å"Term Contracts† are preferable over â€Å"Lump sum contracts†. The contract again can be sourced on a â€Å"work order† basis because the items and duration of work are not known accurately, beforehand. The preferred contractor shall carry out the maintenance work for a set period of two years as mentioned in the contract. (The University of Reading, Facilities management directorate academic building maintenance strategy 2005–2007 ) The contracted work includes maintenance of Concrete Work, Brickwork and Block work, Scaffolding and Staging, Carpentry and Joinery, Ironmongery, Steel and Metal Work, Plasterwork and other Floor, Wall and Ceiling Finishes, Glazing, Painting, Demolitions, Electrical Installation as detailed in the SOR. (Feilden, 1990) These works are done piecemeal. The maintenance is done over the entire stretch of large campus thus some sites become quite far-flung increasing the time and expenditure for completion of the work. To cater to the maintenance a large workforce is required. Now that an efficient and effective model for minimum cost maintenance work of the campus has been developed it is hoped that the model will be emulated every next time the buildings need to be refurbished. As per CDO norms the future maintenance works have been adopted on term basis. The maintenance of the campus has been allocated to outside contractors and the ways of reducing the maintenance costs are sought for at every stage. Two different price bases are being considered, This brief report summarizes and enumerates the various steps taken at each level of selection, sorting and implementation of tenders submitted by the contractors. (Information Management in a Contractor: A Model of the Flow of Project Data, Norman Fisher, Li Yin Shen, p.318). The tenderers are required to submit their tenders with the tendered trade